Marriott Contemporary Trends and Competitors

Background JW Marriott hotels is owned by Marriot international. Marriot international is a Washington DC based company. In 1927, Willard Marriott started the hotel chainAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott: Contemporary Trends and Competitors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More (Marriott 6). Key Bridge Marriott is the company’s longest running hotel and it opened its doors in 1959. From there on, it ignited an international growth to include 3,150 properties. In 1992, Marriott cooperation was split into two. The split formed two companies; Host Marriot corp. and Marriot international (Marriott 8). In 1995, Marriott acquired a 49 % controlling stake in Ritz Carlot Hotel (Marriott 13). In 2005, all the rooms in the hotel were given an overhaul. In the same year, the hotel chain marked a milestone as the only hotel that did not offer trans fat foods (Marriott 15). Business performance Marriot hotels and r esorts have continued to perform exemplarily. This is as far as sales and financial performance are concerned. As much as it has a global presence in different markets, it has enhanced its sales activities to reach as many customers as possible. These can be demonstrated from many sales centers it has in different markets (Marriott 23). From its third quarter results as at October 2010, the company posted good financial returns. For instance, total sales revenues increased by 9% to $253 million. Its worldwide system and growth improved considerably by 8.2% (Marriott 7).in addition, the chain of hotels also realized a net income of $ 83 million.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This net income represented a 56 % rise in income in comparison with the results of the previous year. In addition, the company has a wide array of hotels under construction. The company’s stron g cash flow has enabled it to reduce its debts ahead of schedule. Its total revenues were $2.6 billion (Marriott 21). Strategy In order to remain competitive in the market, the chain of hotels has sought to integrate an inimitable brand strategy. On the other hand, it should be known that the hotel business was not a glimmer in the eyes of the company owner. Marriot believes that its job is to make sure that customers have the best possible experience. By doing this, the company knows very well that its customers come from different backgrounds, culture, religion and tradition (Marriott 19). The execution of the brand strategy begins with one branch of the hotel and then later on, it is replicated to the others. This is because customer satisfaction relates in one way or the other with overall business performance (Marriott 7). The company employs global diversity and inclusion as a way of thriving in the market place. This is done by laying more emphasis on customers, suppliers, ow ners, workforce and recognition. Its current business strategy is also built on strategic alliances with other like minded business partners. This strategy has encompassed various cultural competencies to build upon its success. In addition, the company believes in working with locally owned businesses. This is more so in relation to different communities. By doing this, the company believes that it will be a win for the business and the community (Okumas12). Competitor analysis Porter 5 forces Marriot Hotel has been a good shaper of the market because it has focused on operational and tactical execution. Industry mapping is a powerful tool that can help give a good strategic view of the competitive terrain (Harris 8). This is in relation to porters’ five forces as a framework that helps in business strategy development and industry analysis. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott: Contemporary Trends and Competitors specifically for you f or only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: Porter 2008 The hospitality industry has continued to attract a lot of new entrants’ because of its growth potential and high returns (Hassanien et al 13). Although this are expected in a normal business environment, the company has focused on continually renewing its business for success. On the other hand, there is a more intensified bargaining power from customers. This is because they are more enlightened about products and this has been enhanced by availability of information (Hax and Majluf 8). The company has survived this by enhancing brand recognition and customer satisfaction. Because of diversity and competition, there is a lot of competitive rivalry within the hospitality industry (Hubbard et al 11). This can be explained from the urge to expand and attract more customers. Marriot hotels has employed franchising as a way of reaching new markets instead of investing in real estate which is very costly. Compe titive rivalry has also forced it to enhance brand recognition and customers experience as a way of retaining customers. Bargaining power of suppliers is another force that businesses in the hospitality industry have to cope up with. Because of its global presence, the company has operations in different markets. As a matter of fact, it works with locally owned businesses and suppliers by making them part of the group. This is where they are given preference to contracts in areas the company has operations (Marriott 27). Because of intensified competition in the market, there is also a high threat of substitute products (Hubbard et al 2008, p. 24). Marriot hotels has employed innovative brand strategies as a way of ensuring that its products are not made irrelevant in the market by substitute products.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company encourages multiplication of talents as a way that it can use to build its products and brands and in the process ensure that its products are not threatened by substitute products (Marriott 29). Key success factors The company has transformed the hotel business in a number of ways. This has been done by delivering quality service to customers and guaranteeing high returns for shareholders. It has demonstrated a high ability to combine creativity and discipline. This seems to be the hallmark of any high performing company or business in the hospitality industry (Spears 4). In other words, it can be said that the company has shaped the market well to advance its operations. Just to show how successful the company is, its share price has been stable in recent years. This can be explained form the graph below. Industry lifecycle The hospitality industry has a very unique lifecycle. Products and services move through various stages. These include creation, growth, maturity and decline. Creation is where products are introduced in the market to be judged by customers. Marriott hotels has been coming up with innovative products to serve the market well. Growth on the other hand is marked by an increase in sales of the new product that the company has introduced. This can be an increase in hotel bookings or growth of restaurants in terms of customers served. Maturity is characterized by the stabilization of the hotels size and products. This can be in terms of employees or on the other hand stabilized sales. During this stage, companies are able to create a cash cow and in the process stabilize their operations. Decline will later be seen when the organization starts to shrink in size. In this stage, efforts to rejuvenate the company and enhance its operations may fail. As a matter of fact, companies in the hospitality industry need to be creative and come up with new products after doing extensive market research. Competitor Mapping Competitor analysis in the hospitality industry is more concerned with an assessment of weaknesses and strengths of potential and current competitors in the market and industry (Porter 17). In this way, through a strategic defensive and offensive approach, it should be able to come up with threats and opportunities (Lewis 13). The company has continued to thrive because of good strategic decisions and moves. All along, the company has combined a unique brand strategy as its success factor. On they other hand, it has focused on employee training and retention. By focusing on other elements of performance anatomy, the company has created a good cooperate culture to enhance a winning mindset (Carpenter and Sanders 19). This has in the long run pervaded the organizational framework and helped Marriot achieve a spectacular performance. In addition, it has also built a large portfolio of brands that have ended up providing a variety of lodging and hotel options to diverse and distinct customers. Its existing service oriented cooperate culture can also be said to be behind the company’s success. On the other hand, the company has put in place a good brand management initiative (Hunger 21). High performance businesses in the hospitality industry manage talent well and ensure that hiring is for the fit rather than skills (Hubbard et al 24). By giving the whole process of franchising and management of hotels, this has enabled the company to remain competitive in the market and thereby enhance its sustainability. As much as hotel management and franchising have been well done, the company has forgotten to offer increasingly deep discounts to attract a large number of customers. Because the market is getting saturated, the company has forgotten to build new full service hotels. Position-evaluate The company is currently franchising 50 to 60% of its hotel properties (Marriott 32). There is an improvement in the hospitality industry business climate. On the other hand, pricing has posit ively improved and this means that the company will continue getting good revenues (Lewis 16). It is also evident that the company has continually out performed its competitors in the hospitality industry. This is in relation to key benchmarks like total returns to shareholders. Source: Marriott 2010 It therefore implies that the company has a great outlook and performance. This can be explained from the profits that it has continued to return as years go by. For instance, in the third quarter results of 2010, the company recorded increased earnings before taxes and expenses of $220 million (Marriott 45). Although other competitors in the market are also performing well, the company seems to be ahead in terms of the general long term performance which is good in any industry and more so the hospitality industry. On the other hand, the company is engaged in a massive expansion plan that seeks to increase its chains and market presence. Most of its hotels that are expected to open ar e either under construction or are undergoing massive rebranding to increase its foothold in the market. Currently, it is estimated that the company has close to 3,500 properties in 70 countries which explains its dominance as a hospitality firm (Marriott 53). To ensure that it returns to the society well, the company has a good cooperate social responsibility program (Lewia 21). This can also be explained from the environmental award it received after being ranked position 42 as one of the greenest companies on the planet (Marriott 32). The company is currently a market leader in lodging development and operational excellence. In 2008, the company was one of the top hospitality firms in travels and leisure according to the Ceres Investor coalition awards (Marriott 39). The company can also pride itself as one of the companies with a high customer loyalty because of the returns it recorded even during the global financial crisis that greatly affected the hospitality industry (Spears 13). Generally, the company is in a great position to expand its business and grow further based on good strategies it has continued to employ for sustainability. Trends There is a big tension between expanding market boundaries and this will force the company to manage such through innovative brand strategies (Johnson and. Scholes 21). This will also force them to focus on operational and tactical execution to continue shaping the hospitality industry. Market trends are always changing and demanding that companies become more innovative and attentive to continue being competitive (Hassanien et al 27). This will therefore force the company to improve the quality and speed of decision making. On the other hand, they are supposed to master the speed of change and innovation as it deserves special attention by all players in the hospitality industry for efficiency (Hunger 25). The macro and task environments are moving towards an era where companies need to view information technology as an asset (Okumas 29). This will force the company to view information technology as part of its business strategy (Spears19). Global marketing trends are changing as people and companies use information technology to advance their interests. This means that the company will be forced to invest in information technology. Consumers are more enlightened and knowledgeable about products that the market offers (Hubbard et al 32). This is because there is a lot of information about companies and their products. To be on the safe side, the company needs to invest in research and development to know what customers will demand at a given time and devise the best method to serve them. Conclusion Marriott has continued to be successful because it uses a selective scorecard. The company has continually used data to support decision making and also on the other hand measure success (Marriott 42). For instance, the company has always stood out in terms of employee engagement, brand recognitio n and customer satisfaction. The company has also embraced IT to enhance innovation. This can be explained from the fact that it was one of the first companies to develop an inventory management system (Marriott 53). In addition, the chain of hotels is not afraid to embrace change in its operations in a bid to enhance its competitive edge in the market. Works Cited Carpenter, Andrew and Sanders, Gerald. Strategic Management: A Dynamic  Perspective, Concepts and Cases. Australia: Pearson, 2010. Print. Harris, Peter. Accounting and Finance for the International Hospitality Industry.  Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1995. Print. Hassanien, Ahmed, Dale Crispin and Clarke, Allan. Hospitality Business Development.  Oxford: Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2010. Print. Hax, Arnoldo and Majluf, Nicolas. The Strategy Concept and Process: a pragmatic  approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1996. Print. Hubbard, Graham, Rice, John and Beamish, Paul. Strategic Management Thinking,  Analysis, Action. Sydney: Pearson, 2008. Print. Hunger, David. 2005. Strategic Management: Concepts. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Johnson, Gerry, Scholes, Kevan and Whittington, Richard. Exploring Corporate  Strategy. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Lewis, Robert.1998. Cases in Hospitality Strategy and Policy. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1998. Print. Marriott., 2010. Marriott International Reports Third Quarter 2010 Results. Web. Okumas, Fevzi, Altinay, Levent and Chathoth, Prakash. Strategic Management for  Hospitality and Tourism. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2010. Print. Porter, Michael. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. USA: Harvard, 2008. Print. Spears, Marian. Foodservice Organizations: A Managerial and System Approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. This report on Marriott: Contemporary Trends and Competitors was written and submitted by user Celia Simmons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

skeleton report essays

skeleton report essays The quarterback drops back looks to his right and then to his left. Throws deep to his wide open receiver and he makes the catch to get the game winning touchdown. Not a single one of them football players would be able to play without a support to hold them up. All living things need a support and that support is a skeleton. Your skeleton is very important and it has many jobs like protects organs, levers to move your body, big mineral reserves in your skeleton, and it is the site of blood and cell formation (Levine and Miller, 1998). The only thing in your skeleton isnt just your bones it also consists of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The bones in your skeleton are a special type of connective tissue. That is a solid network of living cells and fibers with very large amounts of calcium salts (Levine and Miller, 1998). The structure of your bone is made up of the periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. The perioteum is a tough layer surrounding each bone. Blood vessels travel through here with oxygen and nutrients for the bone and the rest of the body. The compact bone is a very dense bone but it is not solid. A series of haversian canals run though the compact bone which are tubes that that contain blood vessels and nerves. The spongy bone is the inside layer of the compact bone and it is very strong and the spongy bone is located at the ends of the bone to help add strength. Osteocytes which help with bone growth are embedded in compact and spongy bone to keep the deposits of calcium and also absorb calcium salts. These are also important because they are responsible for the growth and shaping of the bones. And finally but not least the bone marrow which is soft tissue located in the bone cavities. There are two different types of bone marrow, yellow which most bones ar e made up of and yellow has blood vessels, nerve cells, and fat cells. The other type of bone marrow is red...

Social technology review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social technology review - Essay Example On top of all these, vine offers the capabilities with other social apps like finding friends, following, trending posts, hash tags and interacting with close people. Another Vine’s unique feature is the capability of saving a post for later editing which is unavailable in most of the related apps in the market. This app has channels, widget for faster capturing and new tools for capturing. Just as the tweeter has retweet functionality, the vine has refined that enhances one’s followers see the video rewind. A widget that can take the user straight to video shooting without the home screen of the app with ghost, grid, and focused capturing tools that enhances video quality. The main difference in instagram and vine’s video sharing capability is that vine has a faster capture widget and an automatic looping of videos. Vines best gives the possibility of arranging the videos according to events and their relation unlike in instagram. Vine used when travelling for c apturing moments and sharing with friends who gives a good feeling to those who are not around you but can see what is happening around you. Use of sessions in vine is a capability that is unavailable in other apps, one can save sessions and open existing ones, and this allows for interaction of up to ten posts at a go. One can leave posts and edit later with just a single tap on a button. Another feature is the Time Travel that allows for removal, reorganizing and replacing any part of a video either shooting or previewing. Mainly the app meant to enhance people to seizure life in wave and share to the world. With the increased competition for the social apps, vine upgrades are matching the user’s needs. For instance, vine app features are being upped day in day out with the capability of front camera and an upload manager for posts in the session for submission. This app can much help in business, for instance, sharing of information on spot from learning institutions or ex hibitions by publishers or even students. This service can be enhancing due to the capability of instant notifications. Though there has been an increased response to the failure of some functionalities while others were not available, the apps updated versions are giving the clients what they need and at the right time. Although Vine users reported several malfunctions and errors when shooting of sharing posts, there has been increased support and upgrades, which reduce those bugs and enhance functionality. The compatibility issue for lower versions of android mobile devices is the biggest challenge with the app. Many users at first had complains about the big caching of the app as it consumed almost 2 GB of memory within a short time. Later, developers checked on the issue and moderated which brought the app to normal memory consumption with efficient functionalities. Its competitor for android, instagram is compatible with some lower versions that affect the competitiveness of vi ne for android. When considering several options, vine and instagram are more alike but their use can differ. The video length allowed by vine is six seconds that is nine seconds less than instagram and this can be a nice feature for commercials for new products for instance. With the six seconds, one can flash the products to users and leave them wanting more about it. In addition, the live interaction

It is personality profile about Jack Dorsey -my tittle is Square Research Paper

It is personality profile about Jack Dorsey -my tittle is Square changes the business world - Research Paper Example Jack Dorsey has a net worth of $2.1 Billion (Forbes, 2014), is one of the most influential people in the world, and was one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35. He won the Innovator of the Year Award in 2012 and joined the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2013 (Forbes, 2014). While only 15 years old, Jack Dorsey wrote dispatch software for taxicab companies that coordinates taxi drivers and enhances effective communication in the taxi industry (Bio, 2014). Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Jack Dorsey is a catholic who studied at Missouri University of Science and Technology before transferring to New York University where he initiated an idea that transformed to the famous Twitter concept (Bio, 2014). He dropped out of New York University (Forbes, 2014) and moved to California in 2000 where he started providing his dispatch software through the internet (Bio, 2014). From the dispatch taxicab software, Jack Dorsey invented the Twitter concept that changed communication around the world. Jack Dorsey developed the idea of a Web-based instant messaging communication service in 2000. He approached Odeo Company to advance the idea of an instant messaging communication service (Bio, 2014). With Biz Stone and Noah Glass, Jack Dorsey founded and became the CEO of Twitter in 2006 (Bio, 2014). Jack Dorsey made a turning point in a global communication by Twitter. Indeed, Jack Dorsey surprised many with his twitter success. In November 2013, he launched Twitters initial public offering that made him a billionaire from his 23.4 million shares whose share price rose from $26 per share to $45 per share during the first day of trading (Bio, 2014). Initially, the company experienced frequent service outages (Bio, 2014). However, celebrities and CEOs begun using twitter thus promoting its importance. Soon, twitter revolutionized communication across the globe by becoming the dominant â€Å"micro blogging" movement

Civil rights and hospitality business Research Paper

Civil rights and hospitality business - Research Paper Example A failure to oversee that everyone’s civil rights are respected may lead to costly and time consuming law suits against the business (39). The civil rights law is embedded in the country’s regulations under the Civil Rights Act 1964. There are many states that have more inclusive rights in their laws than the Civil Rights Act. The main issue that these law addresses is discrimination and the equal treatment of all. In the hospitality industry, discrimination depending on race, gender, color, nationality, religious affiliation and social class is not allowed (Goodwin and Gaston 15). Any form of differential treatment for any employee or customer may lead to a court case and possibly, serious repercussions for the business. Employment in the hospitality business is one of those areas that are likely to present a problem regarding civil rights (Chon and Maier 30). The employers or persons involved in the employment process should ensure that the whole process is conducted in a manner that does not violate other people’s civil rights. Everyone should be afforded equal treatment in the employment process as th e law requires. Race discrimination is the most common form of discrimination in the hospitality industry. In 2006, Cracker Barrel agreed to pay some $2 million to its African American employees who had sued the company for being racially discriminated against. The employees claimed that they were subjected to language that they said was racially derogatory. They also said that the restaurant required them to serve customers that the white employees refused to serve for one reason or another. Another of their complaints was that they were forced to work in smoking zones and their white counterparts had the freedom to refuse to do so. The last of their complaint was a direct violation to their personal civil rights which could have even affected their

Cultural Identities in China

Cultural Identities in China One of the oldest continuous civilizations in history and the dominant cultural center of East Asia is China, where the place full with flourishing philosophical, political, economic, artistic and scientific traditions. Moreover, China has opened up an intense cultural identity as a widespread civilization. In the last century, China has been struggled on the challenge of smiting a brand new identity in the world of nation-states and re-determines its cultural values in a modern world. The tension between tradition and modernity of Chinese has been turning to Confucius for possible ways to a latter-day social illness that related with commercialization and sudden economic growth inevitably spotlights by China. Chineses are subject to change their conservation and traditional values. In spite of their persuasiveness and persistence, the major Confucian orientations do not give any rise to a rigid, conform and closed system. China generates imperfect harmony but progress problematic. The increase of new modus of social organization and activities implied the new understanding on many of the traditional beliefs and organizational precondition. Overall, cultures will often adapt into their core elements appropriately. Now, the increase of a consumer society has defiance many of the Confucians philosophies. The emergence of a rich consumer class and the increase of prevalent culture has usher in a set of values constantly related with the concept of modern. Industrialization, urbanization, bureaucratization, democratization, universal education, mass-consumption and fast communication celebrates modernity. These ideas have been recruiting into latest Chinese society and become part of the Chinese cultural identity. Hence, Chinese cultural identity consist both traditional modernity. Any traditions must be comprehended as a chosen version of the former filtered from the desires, experience and current concerns. In the early of 20th Century, Chinas modernization project has left an imprint in the values of Chinese culture. Cultural identity in a specific filmic signification can help to lighten the problem of cultural identity have been claims through empirical. The main issue is not certainly attributable to the films Chinese identity, if this matter exists in most developing countries. Chinese characteristics and Chinese identity was actually brings up by the latter Chinese film where grounds the problem on a concrete Chinese soil. The classical Confucian principles were frowned upon the side of human desire and activities which related to money. An identity that has struggled to balance between tradition and modernity in the contest between Confucian moral tradition and mainland Chineses newly-discovered economic freedom in a post socialist society are captures well the indistinct and uneasy cultural identity of contemporary China. The diverse ideas are contend with one another for interpretative legitimacy is known as the subjective process to evaluate the cultural identity in a cinematic text. The exercise of identity identification will involves the allocation of special set of significances and the overture to involve or avoid the capacity diffusion of other significances. Chinas Enculturation Process According to A. Scott Moreau, enculturation can be seen as the learning of a culture through growing up in it. Enculturation is the process that begins from the moment of birth in which cultural rules and pathways, values and dreams, and pattern and regulations of life are set on from one generation to the next. People who live with their own culture will become enculturated as if they internalize their cultural pattern. There were clearly states that every human are born without culture. The cultural will exist as if the children have go through the enculturation process, because the children has internalized or drawn the environment of culture. Thus, the enculturation process will happen without any realization by the children. The children will learn and form their own self according to their own cultural, which this is another process of enculturation known as the active self-conscious process. Moreover, enculturation involves and brings up the indigenization. Christians enculturation believe that Chinese culture actually includes in the leadership and the incarnation of the Church among the circumstances of current social realities, whereby it indicated facing the political situation creatively in a brand new cultural setting. The Chinese once fit by the outliers, they can start to combine Chinese cultures, values, ideals, teachings and orientation of the gospel and church tradition. Chinas Assimilation Process The continuous of dynasties facilitated Chinas boundary firmly southward and the empire was stranded frequently by aggressions and migrations of northern savage. These people were recruited into Chinese culture through a process of assimilation and it was not irregular for the empire to be excluded by a dynasty of non-Chinese origin. Similarly, people who are out from the religion of Buddhism was adjusted and assimilated to Chinese traditions. In the Roman and other empires, assimilation was very less intensive. The cohesiveness and longevity of Chinese Empire are most important condition as the development of the Chinese bureaucracy and the creeping influence of its Confucian ideology everywhere in Chinese society. Confucianism, was originated as it was in the old Chinese traditions, learned from academies and trained in Chinese families, and finally increased by its own positions as the core disciplines of the civil service examinations, penetrated in Chinese society at all standards and shaped the cement that retained it together, during periods of political decomposition or the adjudication dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven. Chinese culture, especially Confucianism was proved intensely that it radically penetrated in Vietnam, which China predominant for many centuries. Even surrounding countries such as Korea, where Korea was under Chinese predominant for only short time, as well as Japan, which was never be one of the Chinese Empire. In order to enrich their own societies in Chinese culture and institutions voluntarily, the predominant elites of these countries must be part adopted or adjusted in Chinese culture, even as if they against the Chinese political control. For the new era of East Asia today, this cultural legacy has proven and it will continued to be even more lasting than the previous empire that generates it.

History of the Museum :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From as early as the 3rd century bc, there have been examples of museum concepts. Ptolomy Soter, known as â€Å"The Preserver†, founded the great Museon at Alexandria. After six centuries, it was destroyed, ending centuries of intellectual research and collected statues. In ancient Greece, temples of objects, including the Parthenon and the Acropolis housed cult statues in cellas, rooms dedicated to this purpose. A keeper, similarly to a curator, would oversee the temple activities. In addition, an early example of conservation is documented by the placement of oil vats by ivory statues to prevent drying out and cracking. At the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi, votive objects were stored for the purpose of conservation. Documenting exhibition is the site at Propileo. On the right side, there is a library, and on the left, a pinakotheke, which are panel paintings open to the public. This shows early interest in exhibition and galleries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Hellenistic period (Greek), Alexander the Great gathered a library of 600,000 volumes in scrolls, as well as statues of poets and philosophers. The concept was similar to a history museum. Under the leadership of Trajan, the 2nd century Romans displayed statues in temples, forums, theaters, and baths. These people were much more public with their collections than the Greeks were, however, evidence of Greek influence is shown for example in the stature of Caesar Augustus (think Primaporta). Also, statues were in homes for private viewing. Under Hadrian, the open air concept was born, at least for private consumption. He borrowed building ideas for his villa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Middle Ages, Catholic cathedrals housed treasuries full of original objects from pilgrimages and crusades, donated by people to the church for salvation purposes, on the notion â€Å"absorb and purchase: donate†. There was an emphasis on preservation. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries, private collections were emerging. Jean, the Duke of Berry, (a territory of France), loved books and had a library and antique coins, and a zoo, which included bezoars. Those were an antidote found in the stomachs of wild goats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries brought about an emergence of private collections in Florence. Paolo Giovio, from Como, a humanist, was a pioneer of the private historical museum. In it, contained objects and books, all preserved and collected. Andrea Odoni commissioned Lorenzo Lotto to paint him as a collector. The Belvedaire Gardens in Rome was the private hideaway of the Pope and his visitors.